Physiotherapists use normal values to assess baseline function, detect abnormalities, and track progress in patients. Understanding these values helps in diagnosing conditions, setting treatment goals, and ensuring safe rehabilitation. It also allows physiotherapists to differentiate normal physiological responses from pathological conditions during clinical evaluation. There is a confirmed MCQ on normal values in the competitive exam.
Musculoskeletal Normal Values
1. Muscle Strength (Manual Muscle Testing – MMT)
Grade | Muscle Strength Description |
|---|---|
0 (Zero) | No muscle contraction observed |
1 (Trace) | Slight contraction, no movement |
2 (Poor) | Movement possible, but not against gravity |
3 (Fair) | Movement possible against gravity, but no resistance |
4 (Good) | Movement against gravity with moderate resistance |
5 (Normal) | Full movement against gravity with maximum resistance |
2. Joint Range of Motion (ROM)
Upper Limb
Joint Movement | Normal ROM |
|---|---|
Shoulder Flexion | 160–180° |
Shoulder Extension | 40–60° |
Shoulder Abduction | 160–180° |
Shoulder Adduction | 20–40° |
Shoulder Internal Rotation | 60–100° |
Shoulder External Rotation | 80–90° |
Elbow Flexion | 130–150° |
Elbow Extension | 0–10° (Hyperextension) |
Forearm Pronation | 80–90° |
Forearm Supination | 80–90° |
Wrist Flexion | 70–90° |
Wrist Extension | 60–80° |
Radial Deviation | 15–20° |
Ulnar Deviation | 30–40° |
Lower Limb
Joint Movement | Normal ROM |
|---|---|
Hip Flexion | 120–130° |
Hip Extension | 10–20° |
Hip Abduction | 40–45° |
Hip Adduction | 20–30° |
Hip Internal Rotation | 30–40° |
Hip External Rotation | 40–50° |
Knee Flexion | 135–150° |
Knee Extension | 0–10° (Hyperextension) |
Ankle Dorsiflexion | 10–20° |
Ankle Plantarflexion | 40–50° |
Ankle Inversion | 30–35° |
Ankle Eversion | 15–20° |
Spinal Mobility
Spinal Segment | Normal ROM |
|---|---|
Cervical Flexion | 45–50° |
Cervical Extension | 45–75° |
Cervical Lateral Flexion | 35–45° |
Cervical Rotation | 60–80° |
Thoracic & Lumbar Flexion | 80–100° |
Thoracic & Lumbar Extension | 20–35° |
Thoracic & Lumbar Lateral Flexion | 25–35° |
Thoracic & Lumbar Rotation | 35–50° |
3. Muscle Length Tests (Flexibility)
Test | Normal Length |
|---|---|
Hamstring (Straight Leg Raise Test) | 70–90° |
Rectus Femoris (Ely’s Test) | Heel touches buttocks |
Iliopsoas (Thomas Test) | Thigh remains flat on the table |
TFL/IT Band (Ober’s Test) | Thigh drops below horizontal |
Gastrocnemius (Ankle Dorsiflexion) | 10–20° |
Soleus (Knee Flexed Dorsiflexion) | 20–30° |
4. Functional Strength Tests
Test | Normal Value |
|---|---|
Hand Grip Strength (Males) | >35 kg |
Hand Grip Strength (Females) | >20 kg |
Sit-to-Stand Test (5 Times Sit to Stand) | <12 sec |
Single Leg Stance (Eyes Open) | >30 sec |
Single Leg Stance (Eyes Closed) | >10 sec |
Plank Hold Time | >60 sec |
Wall Sit Time | >30 sec |
5. Functional Mobility & Endurance
Test | Normal Value |
|---|---|
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | 400–700 m |
10-Meter Walk Test | 1.2–1.4 m/s |
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) | <10 sec |
Stair Climbing Speed | 1.5–2.0 steps/sec |
Step Test (Height 15 cm, 30 sec) | >20 steps |
6. Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
T-score (DXA Scan, Adults) | > -1.0 (Normal) |
T-score (Osteopenia) | -1.0 to -2.5 |
T-score (Osteoporosis) | < -2.5 |
7. Ligament Laxity & Joint Stability Tests
Test | Normal Response |
|---|---|
Anterior Drawer Test (ACL) | <5 mm movement |
Posterior Drawer Test (PCL) | <5 mm movement |
Lachman Test (ACL Integrity) | Firm endpoint, minimal movement |
McMurray Test (Meniscus) | No pain, no clicking |
Thompson Test (Achilles Tendon Rupture) | Normal plantarflexion |
Talar Tilt Test (Ankle Stability) | <5° difference between sides |
8. Reflexes & Neurological Integrity
Reflex | Normal Response |
|---|---|
Biceps Reflex (C5-C6) | Normal contraction |
Triceps Reflex (C7-C8) | Normal contraction |
Patellar Reflex (L2-L4) | Normal knee extension |
Achilles Reflex (S1-S2) | Normal plantarflexion |
9. Pain & Pressure Sensitivity
Test | Normal Value |
|---|---|
Pain Pressure Threshold (PPT) | >4 kg/cm² |
Two-Point Discrimination (Hand) | 5 mm |
Two-Point Discrimination (Back) | 40 mm |
Neurological Normal Values
1. Cranial Nerve Function Assessment
Cranial Nerve | Function | Normal Response |
|---|---|---|
CN I (Olfactory) | Smell | Identifies familiar odors |
CN II (Optic) | Vision | Normal visual acuity & fields |
CN III (Oculomotor) | Eye movement, pupil reflex | Pupils equal, round, reactive to light |
CN IV (Trochlear) | Eye movement (superior oblique) | Normal downward/inward eye movement |
CN V (Trigeminal) | Facial sensation, chewing | Normal facial sensation & jaw strength |
CN VI (Abducens) | Eye movement (lateral rectus) | Normal lateral gaze |
CN VII (Facial) | Facial expression, taste | Symmetrical facial movements |
CN VIII (Vestibulocochlear) | Hearing, balance | Normal hearing & balance |
CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) | Swallowing, taste | Normal gag reflex & taste |
CN X (Vagus) | Swallowing, voice | Normal voice & swallowing |
CN XI (Accessory) | Shoulder & neck movement | Strong SCM & trapezius |
CN XII (Hypoglossal) | Tongue movement | Normal tongue movement |
2. Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR)
Reflex | Spinal Level | Normal Response |
|---|---|---|
Biceps Reflex | C5–C6 | Normal elbow flexion |
Brachioradialis Reflex | C5–C6 | Normal forearm flexion/supination |
Triceps Reflex | C7–C8 | Normal elbow extension |
Patellar Reflex | L2–L4 | Normal knee extension |
Achilles Reflex | S1–S2 | Normal plantarflexion |
Grading of Reflexes
Grade | Response |
|---|---|
0 | Absent reflex |
1+ | Hypoactive (diminished) |
2+ | Normal response |
3+ | Hyperactive (brisk) |
4+ | Clonus (repetitive reflex response) |
3. Superficial Reflexes
Reflex | Normal Response |
|---|---|
Plantar Reflex (Babinski’s Sign) | Flexion of toes (abnormal: toe extension in adults) |
Abdominal Reflex | Contraction of abdominal muscles |
Cremasteric Reflex | Elevation of testis (in males) |
4. Muscle Tone Assessment (Modified Ashworth Scale)
Grade | Muscle Tone Description |
|---|---|
0 | No increase in muscle tone |
1 | Slight increase in tone (catch & release) |
1+ | Slight increase, minimal resistance |
2 | More marked increase, but limb moves easily |
3 | Considerable increase, difficult movement |
4 | Rigid limb, no movement possible |
5. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
Response Type | Score | Description |
|---|---|---|
Eye Opening | 4 | Spontaneous |
3 | To speech | |
2 | To pain | |
1 | None | |
Verbal Response | 5 | Oriented |
4 | Confused | |
3 | Inappropriate words | |
2 | Incomprehensible sounds | |
1 | None | |
Motor Response | 6 | Obeys commands |
5 | Localizes pain | |
4 | Withdraws from pain | |
3 | Abnormal flexion (decorticate) | |
2 | Abnormal extension (decerebrate) | |
1 | None |
Mild Brain Injury: 13–15
Moderate Brain Injury: 9–12
Severe Brain Injury: ≤8
6. Sensory Function Testing
Sensation Type | Normal Response |
|---|---|
Light Touch | Feels cotton swab touch |
Pain (Pinprick) | Differentiates sharp/dull |
Temperature | Differentiates warm/cold |
Vibration (Tuning Fork, 128 Hz) | Detects vibration at bony prominences |
Proprioception (Joint Position Sense) | Identifies joint position changes |
Two-Point Discrimination | Fingertips: 2–5 mm, Back: 30–40 mm |
7. Coordination Tests (Cerebellar Function)
Test | Normal Response |
|---|---|
Finger-to-Nose Test | Smooth, accurate movement |
Heel-to-Shin Test | Smooth, controlled movement |
Rapid Alternating Movements (RAM) | Fast & rhythmic |
Romberg Test (Balance with Eyes Closed) | No significant sway |
Tandem Walking (Heel-to-Toe Walking) | No loss of balance |
8. Balance Assessment (Berg Balance Scale)
Score | Balance Level |
|---|---|
41–56 | Low fall risk |
21–40 | Moderate fall risk |
0–20 | High fall risk |
9. Gait & Walking Speed
Parameter | Normal Value |
|---|---|
Walking Speed | 1.2–1.4 m/s |
Cadence (Steps/Minute) | 100–120 |
Step Length | 70–80 cm |
Stride Length | 140–160 cm |
10. Electrophysiological Studies (Nerve Conduction & EMG)
Parameter | Normal Value |
|---|---|
Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV) | Upper Limb: 50–70 m/s, Lower Limb: 40–60 m/s |
F-Wave Latency | Upper Limb: <32 ms, Lower Limb: <56 ms |
H-Reflex Latency | Soleus Muscle: 25–32 ms |
Metabolic & Blood Normal Values
1. Blood Glucose Levels
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) | 70–100 mg/dL (3.9–5.6 mmol/L) |
Postprandial (2 hrs after meal) | <140 mg/dL (<7.8 mmol/L) |
Prediabetes (Fasting) | 100–125 mg/dL (5.6–6.9 mmol/L) |
Prediabetes (Postprandial) | 140–199 mg/dL (7.8–11.0 mmol/L) |
Diabetes Diagnosis | ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) fasting or ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) random |
HbA1c (Glycated Hemoglobin) | Normal: <5.7% Prediabetes: 5.7–6.4% Diabetes: ≥6.5% |
2. Blood Electrolytes
Electrolyte | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Sodium (Na⁺) | 135–145 mEq/L |
Potassium (K⁺) | 3.5–5.0 mEq/L |
Calcium (Ca²⁺) | 8.5–10.5 mg/dL (2.12–2.62 mmol/L) |
Ionized Calcium | 4.5–5.6 mg/dL (1.12–1.4 mmol/L) |
Magnesium (Mg²⁺) | 1.7–2.2 mg/dL (0.7–1.1 mmol/L) |
Chloride (Cl⁻) | 96–106 mEq/L |
Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) | 22–26 mEq/L |
Phosphorus (PO₄³⁻) | 2.5–4.5 mg/dL (0.81–1.45 mmol/L) |
3. Acid-Base Balance (Arterial Blood Gas – ABG)
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
pH | 7.35–7.45 |
PaO₂ (Oxygen Pressure) | 80–100 mmHg |
PaCO₂ (Carbon Dioxide Pressure) | 35–45 mmHg |
HCO₃⁻ (Bicarbonate) | 22–26 mEq/L |
Base Excess | -2 to +2 mEq/L |
Lactate | <2 mmol/L |
4. Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Hemoglobin (Hb) – Male | 13.8–17.2 g/dL |
Hemoglobin (Hb) – Female | 12.1–15.1 g/dL |
Hematocrit (Hct) – Male | 41–50% |
Hematocrit (Hct) – Female | 36–44% |
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) – Male | 4.7–6.1 million cells/µL |
Red Blood Cell Count (RBC) – Female | 4.2–5.4 million cells/µL |
White Blood Cell Count (WBC) | 4,000–11,000 cells/µL |
Platelet Count | 150,000–450,000 cells/µL |
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) | 80–100 fL |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) | 27–33 pg |
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | 32–36 g/dL |
5. Coagulation Profile
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Prothrombin Time (PT) | 11–13.5 sec |
International Normalized Ratio (INR) | 0.8–1.2 (Therapeutic range: 2.0–3.0 for anticoagulation) |
Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (aPTT) | 25–35 sec |
Fibrinogen | 200–400 mg/dL |
D-Dimer | <0.5 µg/mL |
6. Kidney Function Tests (Renal Panel)
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) | 7–20 mg/dL |
Creatinine – Male | 0.7–1.3 mg/dL |
Creatinine – Female | 0.6–1.1 mg/dL |
Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) | >90 mL/min/1.73 m² |
Uric Acid – Male | 3.4–7.0 mg/dL |
Uric Acid – Female | 2.4–6.0 mg/dL |
7. Liver Function Tests (LFT)
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Total Bilirubin | 0.1–1.2 mg/dL |
Direct Bilirubin | <0.3 mg/dL |
Indirect Bilirubin | <1.0 mg/dL |
Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST/SGOT) | 8–40 U/L |
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT/SGPT) | 7–56 U/L |
Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) | 30–120 U/L |
Total Protein | 6.0–8.3 g/dL |
Albumin | 3.5–5.0 g/dL |
Globulin | 2.3–3.5 g/dL |
8. Lipid Profile
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Total Cholesterol | <200 mg/dL |
HDL Cholesterol (Good Cholesterol) | >40 mg/dL (Men), >50 mg/dL (Women) |
LDL Cholesterol (Bad Cholesterol) | <100 mg/dL (Optimal), 100–129 mg/dL (Near Optimal) |
Triglycerides | <150 mg/dL |
9. Hormonal Values
Hormone | Normal Range |
|---|---|
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) | 0.4–4.2 mIU/L |
Free T4 (Thyroxine) | 0.8–2.0 ng/dL |
Free T3 (Triiodothyronine) | 2.3–4.2 pg/mL |
Cortisol (Morning) | 5–25 µg/dL |
Testosterone (Male) | 270–1070 ng/dL |
Testosterone (Female) | 15–70 ng/dL |
10. Inflammatory Markers
Marker | Normal Range |
|---|---|
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) | <1 mg/L (Low risk for heart disease) |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) – Male | <15 mm/hr |
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) – Female | <20 mm/hr |
Procalcitonin | <0.5 ng/mL (Normal) |
Respiratory Normal Values
1. Respiratory Rate (RR)
Adults: 12–20 breaths/min
Elderly (>65 years): 12–25 breaths/min
Newborns (0–1 month): 30–60 breaths/min
Infants (1–12 months): 30–50 breaths/min
Children (1–5 years): 20–30 breaths/min
Children (6–12 years): 18–25 breaths/min
Adolescents (13–18 years): 12–20 breaths/min
2. Tidal Volume (TV)
Normal: 500 mL (6–8 mL/kg body weight)
Newborns: 6–8 mL/kg
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath.
3. Minute Ventilation (MV)
Normal: 5–8 L/min
Minute Ventilation Formula:
MV=RR×TVMV = RR \times TV
4. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Normal: 1900–3300 mL
IRV (Male): ~3000 mL
IRV (Female): ~1900 mL
IRV is the maximum amount of additional air that can be inhaled after a normal inspiration.
5. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Normal: 700–1200 mL
ERV (Male): ~1200 mL
ERV (Female): ~700 mL
ERV is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal expiration.
6. Residual Volume (RV)
Normal: 1100–1200 mL
RV (Male): ~1200 mL
RV (Female): ~1100 mL
RV is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
7. Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Normal: 4.2–6.0 L
TLC (Male): ~6000 mL
TLC (Female): ~4200 mL
TLC Formula:
TLC=TV+IRV+ERV+RV
8. Vital Capacity (VC)
Normal: 3.1–4.8 L
VC (Male): ~4800 mL
VC (Female): ~3100 mL
VC is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation.
Vital Capacity Formula:
VC=TV+IRV+ERV
9. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Normal: 1800–2400 mL
FRC (Male): ~2400 mL
FRC (Female): ~1800 mL
FRC is the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal exhalation.
FRC Formula:
FRC=ERV+RV
10. Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Normal: 2.4–3.6 L
IC (Male): ~3600 mL
IC (Female): ~2400 mL
IC is the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal expiration.
IC Formula:
IC=TV+IRV
11. Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
Normal: 400–700 L/min
Males: 450–700 L/min
Females: 350–550 L/min
Children: 100–400 L/min
PEFR is the maximum speed of expiration after full inhalation.
12. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
Normal: 3.7–5.0 L
FVC (Male): ~5.0 L
FVC (Female): ~3.7 L
FVC is the total amount of air forcefully exhaled after a maximal inhalation.
13. Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second (FEV₁)
Normal: ≥80% of FVC
Healthy Adults: 3.0–4.0 L
Children: 1.5–3.0 L
FEV₁ is the volume of air exhaled in the first second of a forced exhalation.
14. FEV₁/FVC Ratio
Normal: ≥75–80%
Obstructive Lung Disease (e.g., COPD, Asthma): <70%
Restrictive Lung Disease (e.g., Pulmonary Fibrosis): Normal or increased (>80%)
15. Maximum Voluntary Ventilation (MVV)
Normal: 80–180 L/min
Athletes: Up to 200 L/min
MVV measures the maximum amount of air a person can inhale and exhale in 1 minute.
16. Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide (DLCO)
Normal: 20–30 mL/min/mmHg
Reduced in: Pulmonary fibrosis, COPD, anemia
Increased in: Polycythemia, pulmonary hemorrhage
17. Oxygen Saturation (SpO₂)
Normal: 95–100%
Hypoxia: <90%
Severe Hypoxia: <85%
18. Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) Values
Parameter | Normal Range |
|---|---|
pH | 7.35–7.45 |
PaO₂ (Partial Pressure of Oxygen) | 80–100 mmHg |
PaCO₂ (Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide) | 35–45 mmHg |
HCO₃⁻ (Bicarbonate) | 22–26 mEq/L |
Base Excess | -2 to +2 mEq/L |
Lactate | <2 mmol/L |
19. Dead Space (VD)
Normal: 150 mL or 2.2 mL/kg
Increased in: Pulmonary embolism, ARDS
Dead space is the volume of air that does not participate in gas exchange.
20. Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio (V/Q)
Normal: 0.8–1.0
Increased in: Pulmonary embolism
Decreased in: COPD, pneumonia
Cardiovascular Normal Values
1. Heart Rate (HR)
-
Adults: 60–100 bpm
-
Athletes: 40–60 bpm
-
Newborns (0–1 month): 120–160 bpm
-
Infants (1–12 months): 100–160 bpm
-
Children (1–10 years): 70–120 bpm
-
Adolescents (11–18 years): 60–100 bpm
2. Blood Pressure (BP)
Adults
-
Optimal: 120/80 mmHg
-
Prehypertension: 120–129 / <80 mmHg
-
Hypertension (Stage 1): 130–139 / 80–89 mmHg
-
Hypertension (Stage 2): ≥140/90 mmHg
-
Hypertensive Crisis: >180/120 mmHg
Children (Mean Values)
-
Neonate: 60–90 / 20–60 mmHg
-
Infant (1–12 months): 80–100 / 55–65 mmHg
-
Toddler (1–3 years): 90–105 / 55–70 mmHg
-
Child (4–12 years): 100–120 / 60–80 mmHg
3. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
-
Normal: 70–100 mmHg
-
Minimum for Organ Perfusion: >60 mmHg
-
Critical Hypotension: <50 mmHg
MAP Calculation Formula:
MAP=DBP+13(SBP−DBP)
4. Pulse Pressure (PP)
-
Normal: 30–50 mmHg
-
Widened (>50 mmHg): Indicates increased stroke volume (e.g., aortic regurgitation, hyperthyroidism)
-
Narrowed (<30 mmHg): Indicates reduced stroke volume (e.g., heart failure, shock)
Pulse Pressure Formula:
PP=SBP−DBP
5. Cardiac Output (CO)
-
Normal: 4–8 L/min
Cardiac Output Formula:
CO=HR×SV
where:
-
HR: Heart rate
-
SV: Stroke volume
6. Stroke Volume (SV)
-
Normal: 60–100 mL/beat
Stroke Volume Formula:
SV=EDV−ESV
where:
-
EDV (End-Diastolic Volume): 120–130 mL
-
ESV (End-Systolic Volume): 50–60 mL
7. Ejection Fraction (EF)
-
Normal: 55–70%
-
Heart Failure (Reduced EF): <40%
-
Borderline EF: 40–49%
Ejection Fraction Formula:
EF=(SV/EDV)×100
8. Central Venous Pressure (CVP)
-
Normal: 2–8 mmHg
Increased CVP (>8 mmHg): Indicates right heart failure, fluid overload.
Decreased CVP (<2 mmHg): Indicates hypovolemia, dehydration.
9. Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP)
-
Systolic PAP: 15–30 mmHg
-
Diastolic PAP: 4–12 mmHg
-
Mean PAP: 10–20 mmHg
10. Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP)
-
Normal: 6–12 mmHg
-
>18 mmHg: Indicates pulmonary congestion
-
>25 mmHg: Suggests pulmonary edema
11. Systemic Vascular Resistance (SVR)
-
Normal: 800–1200 dynes·s/cm⁵
SVR Formula:
SVR=(MAP−CVP)/CO×80
12. Pulmonary Vascular Resistance (PVR)
-
Normal: 100–200 dynes·s/cm⁵
PVR Formula:
PVR=(MPAP−PCWP)/CO×80
13. Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CPP)
-
Normal: >50 mmHg
CPP Formula:
CPP=DBP−PCWP
14. Oxygen Delivery & Utilization
Arterial Oxygen Content (CaO₂)
-
Normal: 16–20 mL O₂/dL
CaO₂ Formula:
CaO2=(1.34×Hb×SaO2)+(0.003×PaO2)
Mixed Venous Oxygen Saturation (SvO₂)
-
Normal: 60–80%
Cardiac Index (CI)
-
Normal: 2.5–4.0 L/min/m²
CI Formula:
CI=CO/BSA
15. Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)
-
Normal: 1.0–1.4
-
Mild PAD: 0.8–0.9
-
Moderate PAD: 0.5–0.8
-
Severe PAD: <0.5
ABI Formula:
ABI=Ankle Systolic BP / Brachial Systolic BP
16. Capillary Refill Time
-
Normal: <2 seconds
-
Delayed (>2 sec): Indicates shock, dehydration, poor perfusion
17. Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP)
-
Normal: <3 cm above sternal angle
18. Electrocardiogram (ECG) Intervals
-
P wave duration: <120 ms
-
PR interval: 120–200 ms
-
QRS complex: <120 ms
-
QT interval: 350–450 ms (M), 360–460 ms (F)
19. Heart Sounds & Murmurs
-
S1: Closure of mitral & tricuspid valves
-
S2: Closure of aortic & pulmonary valves
-
S3 (abnormal in adults): Suggests heart failure
-
S4: Indicates stiff ventricles (e.g., LVH, hypertension)
Functional & Gait Normal Values
1. Gait Parameters
|
Parameter |
Normal Value |
|---|---|
|
Walking Speed (Gait Speed) |
1.2–1.4 m/s (4.0–4.6 ft/sec) |
|
Step Length |
70–80 cm (28–31 inches) |
|
Stride Length |
140–160 cm (55–63 inches) |
|
Cadence (Steps per Minute) |
100–120 steps/min |
|
Step Width |
7–10 cm (2.7–3.9 inches) |
|
Toe Out Angle (Foot Progression Angle) |
5–7° |
|
Double Support Time (Both Feet on Ground) |
20–30% of gait cycle |
|
Single Limb Support (Stance Phase) |
60% of gait cycle |
|
Swing Phase |
40% of gait cycle |
2. Balance & Postural Control Parameters
|
Parameter |
Normal Value |
|---|---|
|
Berg Balance Scale (BBS) |
45–56 (Normal Balance) |
|
Functional Reach Test (FRT) |
>10 inches (Normal) |
|
Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) |
<10 sec (Normal) |
|
Four-Stage Balance Test |
>10 sec per stage |
|
Romberg Test (Eyes Closed Standing Balance) |
No significant sway |
3. Functional Mobility Tests
|
Test |
Normal Value |
|---|---|
|
Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) |
400–700 m |
|
10-Meter Walk Test |
1.2–1.4 m/s |
|
Sit-to-Stand Test (5 Times Sit to Stand) |
<12 sec |
|
Stair Climbing Speed |
1.5–2.0 steps/sec |
|
Hand Grip Strength (Dynamometry – Male) |
>35 kg |
|
Hand Grip Strength (Dynamometry – Female) |
>20 kg |
4. Joint Range of Motion (ROM)
Lower Limb
|
Joint Movement |
Normal ROM |
|---|---|
|
Hip Flexion |
120–130° |
|
Hip Extension |
10–20° |
|
Hip Abduction |
40–45° |
|
Hip Adduction |
20–30° |
|
Hip Internal Rotation |
30–40° |
|
Hip External Rotation |
40–50° |
|
Knee Flexion |
135–150° |
|
Knee Extension |
0–10° (Hyperextension) |
|
Ankle Dorsiflexion |
10–20° |
|
Ankle Plantarflexion |
40–50° |
|
Ankle Inversion |
30–35° |
|
Ankle Eversion |
15–20° |
Upper Limb
|
Joint Movement |
Normal ROM |
|---|---|
|
Shoulder Flexion |
160–180° |
|
Shoulder Extension |
40–60° |
|
Shoulder Abduction |
160–180° |
|
Shoulder Internal Rotation |
60–100° |
|
Shoulder External Rotation |
80–90° |
|
Elbow Flexion |
130–150° |
|
Elbow Extension |
0–10° (Hyperextension) |
|
Wrist Flexion |
70–90° |
|
Wrist Extension |
60–80° |
5. Muscle Strength (Manual Muscle Testing – MMT)
|
Grade |
Muscle Strength Description |
|---|---|
|
0 |
No muscle contraction |
|
1 |
Flicker or trace contraction |
|
2 |
Movement possible, but not against gravity |
|
3 |
Movement possible against gravity, but no resistance |
|
4 |
Movement against gravity with moderate resistance |
|
5 |
Normal strength, full resistance |
6. Functional Endurance & Activity Tolerance
|
Test |
Normal Value |
|---|---|
|
VO₂ Max (Aerobic Capacity – Male) |
35–55 mL/kg/min |
|
VO₂ Max (Aerobic Capacity – Female) |
30–50 mL/kg/min |
|
Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) |
1200–2000 kcal/day |
|
Oxygen Cost of Walking |
~12 mL/kg/min |
7. Neurological & Reflex Parameters
|
Reflex |
Normal Response |
|---|---|
|
Deep Tendon Reflexes (DTR) |
2+ (Normal) |
|
Babinski Sign |
Negative (No Toe Fanning) |
|
Clonus |
Absent |
|
Muscle Tone (Modified Ashworth Scale – Normal) |
0 (No increased tone) |